Africa

__How can political change cause conflict? __ //It causes conflict because people don't always agree with change. Everyone has their own views on things and when they clash it becomes problematic. //
 * __//Essential Questions: //__**

__How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires? __ //Usually the people and nation are the two that benefit the most from it. The people start feeling a sense of power and pride for their nation. The empires usually fall when nationalism rises. //

__How can political relationships affect economic relationships? __ //As the political stability decreases, so does the economy. People feel as though they can revolt and rebel which then destroys their economy. //

__What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation? __ //When citizens all have the same goals and desires. Also by making them feel at home or trying to please everyone. Tragedies, while not a good thing, also unite people as a nation. //


 * __//Comments on Africa from //// video: //__**

//~China was a thriving manufacturing power // //~Opium was something that China would buy // //~China gives up all sovereignty to Britain // //~ European industrialization provided the mean// //~Europeans went to Africa because Africans had an abundance of natural resources that could be used to help Britain's manufacturing and industrialization.// //~Africa had diseases of its own// //~Most fighting was done with swords// //~Depended on intermediary governments because of how large Africa was// //~They had to wait colonize Africa until they had made significant technological advances// //~Guns are what enabled Europeans to conquer Africa// //~The Africans fought back and it was hard to take them down// //~Europe could always rely on their military strength to control other countries.// //~Resisting usually didn't work out well// //~Africans could resist Britain//

__//**Questions on**//__ //**__Map:__** [|Here]//

__//**"Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire." **//__ __//**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- By Karl Liebknecht **//__ //~Imperialism strikes upon the countries that seem to be the most vulnerable// //~Militarism crushes people (referring to the Maxam gun)// //~Come in with advanced technology// //~They are greedy// //~Take everything, only care for themselves// //~Rape the countries of their raw materials, left them with nothing//


 * __//Scramble for Africa Mark Up and Picture Detective://__** //[|Here]//

__**//The New Imperialism Graphic//** **//Organizer://**__ //[|Here]//

//Frayer Model on Imperialism//

__//**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Questions on "The White Man's Burden: **//__ __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? __ //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The White Man;s burden was seen as a rhetorical command to white men to rule and colonize other nations, for the purpose of benefiting those people. //

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? __ //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The reward that the white man receives for carrying his burden, was carrying the blame of the ye guards and carrying the cry of the hosts ye humor. //

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kipling had written his poem to those involved in United States imperialism, who he believed would be the ones reading this. At that time, Kipling's audience probably did not agree with him and his view, as it was mostly insulting towards them.

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? __ //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The line of the poem that I to be the most interesting was the line " Go send your sons to exile", due to the power and force behind it. I think this particular line stuck out to me because of how demanding it was. //


 * __//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Berlin Conference Mark Up: //__**//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> [|Here] //

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~Delegates from 16 different countries were brought together by chancellor Bismarck of Germany, with the intent to sit and talk about the splitting of Africa among themselves, and African nations were not represented in the meeting. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~The culture and face of Africa were changed by the 6 months of declarations, secret talks, dreams of wealth as bargaining. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~There was a race among Europeans to gain more territory // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~The future of Africa is included in the Berlin conference document, as it has the transcript of the conference // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~the racist views that people had upon Africans was drilled into their minds // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~Lines on the map of Africa are drawn by the conference, and made to today's boundaries of modern countries //
 * __//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Notes on the Berlin Conference Video: //__**

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~Protection // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~Divisions // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~Agreement // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~Selfish/Inconsiderate // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~Social Darwinism // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~ Prestige //
 * __//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Berlin Conference in 5 Words: //__**

__// " Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference  //// of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered //// that has made it possible for evil to triumph." //** Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975  **__

//~This author is speaking in a viewpoint that believes that things could have been done differently, and that some of the actions should have been held off on, and that some should have acted in the first place because they didn't initially. Maybe events that have caused this author to regret something that has happened, or wish that something else had been done is what prompted him to say these things.// //~They may be making this statement in the event that they have regrets on things that have been done, and things that they wish could have happened differently, or been done.// //~This quote relates to imperialism in Africa, as it offers two different view points, one being wishing that they could have done something differently, or wishing that something different all together had been done. This is similar to the way that blacks feel towards their discrimination, as they wish they had done something differently or initially done something to stop it.//

__ **"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)** __ __// Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races... //__ __// I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty. //__

__// I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do withtout safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world. //__

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~The author of this quote is Jules Ferry. His viewpoint in this quote is that he is pro-imperialism. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~He justifies his viewpoint by saying that "superior races" have a right because they have a duty. He goes on to say that their "duty" is to civilize inferior races. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~He might be giving this speech to convince the European people that taking over Africa and colonizing them will help them and will help Europe, and that it is the "generous" thing to do. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">~It tells that these races felt "superior" over others and believed that they thought they were helping these inferior races, when they were actually hurting them. //



// ~It was published in the London Charivari on December 10th, 1982. The impact it has is that the region that it was made in would think that this is bias to them. // // ~It says "from cape town to Cairo " because the man is stepping on those two cities, and this represents how he is protecting this land from the tip of it in the north to the tip of it in the south, hes pretty much saying hes going to protect all of it, every last bit of it. // // ~They are showing how they are taking over and it seems to be Cecil Rhodes on top of the Africa, it shows how this man was the politician in Africa and how he started to protect this land and he was standing up for what the people were doing. // // ~He doesn't like what all these Europeans nations are doing to Africa and he doesn't agree with imperialism. He thinks that it is wrong and he is showing how this man is trying to protect the land that everyone is taking advantage of. //
 * **Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?**
 * ** What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo) **
 * **Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?**
 * **What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?**

__//** Letter **** from Moshweshewe Mark **** Up: ** [|Here] //__

// ~The author is Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos. The purpose is to tell the story of how the "white men" came into Africa and told them they were there to live under peace, and then invaded them by surprise and took all of their land and forced them out. // // ~Boer is an African word for "farmer" and were hostile towards indigenous African people. This impacts the letter because it shows that these men were hostile towards the "black men." Harry Smith was a notable English soldier and military commander in the British Army. This impacts the letter because it shows that the men would listen to him because he was a well-known powerful soldier back then, so they would assume he is trying to help them. // // ~I think this letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose because it tells the people how the Europeans came into Africa and lied to them, telling them they were both going to live equally and peacefully. Then the Europeans just start to take over their land and displace them, like they are not the indigenous group that has been living there. "I was to be ruler within those limits." This quote shows how the Europeans came in and starting restricting the Africans to what they could do, and especially where/how they could rule. //
 * **Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?**
 * **The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)**
 * **Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.**

//__** Document 5: **__// //__** Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896. **__//

// "So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different." // // -The people of South Africa were treated like slaves and forced to do things for the imperialists, while they harmed them and their families. // -//The African rebellion was unsuccessful because the "White men" had better and bigger guns than they did, and the Africans could not k//eep up with them. Also, they tried to make charges against them but they were never able to win, because the imperialists had more power.
 * **How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?**
 * **Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?**

__// **Document 6:** //__ __//** Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907. **//__

// "And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us, fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice." // // -The author of this source is Mojimba, and African Chief. It // // refers to a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907. // // -In this battle, the White men had all of the strength on their side, and used this to "take away the land and possessions" of the Africans. The White men "had guns," which the Africans did not have, and used this to get ahead of them and defeat them. // // -The chief's opinion of the British is that they are wicked, even though they call the African's wicked. They use their advantage of guns and military to take away their land and possessions, and that they are sick he says "You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice." Although the White men say they are doing justice here, the chief says they are sick in the head for believing that this is actually just. //
 * **Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?**
 * **Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.**
 * **What is the chief's opinion of the British?**

//__** Document 7: **__// //__ **Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**. __//

// "The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking." // // -He is saying that the East Africans are saying that they can be saved by bullets with this new medicine that they found. That it will give "invulnerability." The East Africans now believe that they are ready for a rebellion, and that they are pretty much indestructible. // - // I think they made these claims because they wanted support on their side, and believed this will get people to side with them and possible fight back against the Europeans and actually have a chance against them. //
 * **What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim.**
 * **Why do you think the Africans made such claims?**

//__ **Document 8**: __//
 * //__ Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910. __//**

// ~The person in this photo looks like he had just made some big accomplishment or conquered something greatly. I also see a gun, and a dead elephant who is on the ground. The man most feels accomplished because he wanted to kill this elephant for a specific purpose most likely. // //~The purpose of this photo is to show how the European men came to Africa and took whatever resources they sought fit. It didn't matter what they had to do to get them, they just needed the resources and wouldn't stop until they had them.// // ~The economic implications is that the man most likely killed this animal to use it for his personal benefit in order to gain more materials and make more/better uses of them. The social implications are that the man did not care what was being done in Africa and what affect or backlash it had on Africa's land, people, and animals. Instead they just needed Africa in order to gain the materials that they needed. They didn't worry about anything or any damage that they created in the meanwhile. //
 * **Describe the person and objects in this photo.**
 * **What is the purpose of the photograph?**
 * **What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?**

__// **Document 9**: //__



// ~Fabric industries along with soap industries and food processing industries greatly benefited from the African resources. Also cosmetics and jewelry and banking along with fabric industries benefited from these African resources. // //~I feel as though Great Britain had the most valuable colonies because their resources included copper, zinc, lead, and coal. These together are all genuinely difficult to find. They also used them to help create the more important things such as ammunition, various metals, fuel, coins, and also electrical wiring.// //~This document could show all the resources that Africa had to offer. Not only that, but it would also show the amount of resources that the European countries mostly exported. It also shows the European industrial/economic use for these resources. It shows us what they wanted from a certain colony in Africa and it also shows us how they benefited from that specific resource.//
 * ** What European industries benefited from African resources? **
 * ** Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why? **
 * ** How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa? **

__//** Document 10 ** : //__


 * //__"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . .__//**
 * //__The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy.__//**
 * //__Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ."__//**
 * //__Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962__//**

//~This West African nationalist believed that Colonialism simply stripped them of their responsibilities and brainwashed them into thinking that their civilization was "savagery." He disagrees with how they were branded as irresponsible and having little to no self-confidence. He goes on to say how their colonies split up and divided Africa, each portion having their own economy. He acknowledges the fact that Africa does have a significant amount of raw materials and that in the European's eyes it was a great foundation for industrialization.//
 * **In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?**